In 1928, Scottish physician Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. Fleming was working with Staphylococcus bacteria when he returned from a vacation to find mold growing on a Petri dish. He noticed that the mold prevented the bacteria from growing and identified the mold as Penicillium rubens. Fleming extracted the active agent from the mold and named it penicillin. He determined that penicillin had an antibacterial effect on staphylococci and other gram-positive pathogens

Penicillin is a medication used to manage and treat a wide range of infections. The drug was synthesized in 1957, but cultivation of mold remains the primary means of production

1928 to 1929. In 1928 Dr Alexander Flemingreturned from a holiday to find mould growing on a Petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria. He noticed the mould seemed to be preventing the bacteria around it from growing. He soon identified that the mould produced a self-defence chemical that could kill bacteria

Before penicillin, there were many antimicrobial substances in use, including:

• Arsenicals and sulphonamides: These drugs were made by chemically altering synthetic dyes. 
• Disinfectants: These substances were made with metal ions, such as mercury or copper, that are toxic to bacteria. 
• Honey: Honey can act as an antibiotic when applied to an infected wound because of its high sugar content and acidity. 
• Salvarsan: This was the first antibiotic, used in 1910. 
• Sulfa antibiotics: These antibiotics were first used in the 1930s, but bacteria eventually developed resistance to them. 

Before penicillin, life was difficult due to many sicknesses and diseases. Treatments were uncertain and complicated, and doctors often had no way of knowing what was causing the diseases. 90% of children with bacterial meningitis died before antibiotics, and most of those who survived had severe and lasting disabilities. Other infections, such as pneumonia, gonorrhea, rheumatic fever, and blood poisoning, had no effective treatment

Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever. Hospitals were full of people with blood poisoning contracted from a cut or a scratch, and doctors could do little for them but wait and hope

The pre-antibiotic era began in the early 20th century, when phage therapy became a powerful weapon against bacterial infectious diseases. However, phage treatment and research was largely forgotten in the Western world as antibiotics became widely available. 

The 1940s–1962s are considered the golden era of antibiotics, when most of the antibiotic classes used today were discovered and introduced to the market

The discovery of penicillin in 1928 and streptomycin in 1943 marked the beginning of the modern era of antibiotics. The discovery of penicillin also marked the beginning of the golden age of natural product antibiotic discovery, which peaked in the mid-1950s. 

Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced in nature by soil bacteria and fungi

Before antibiotics, people used a variety of treatments for infections, including:

• Bloodletting: A standard treatment for almost any ailment, including infectious diseases, for over two thousand years. Bloodletting practitioners used various instruments to withdraw blood from patients, including syringes, lancets, and even leeches. 
• Topical iodine, bromine, and mercury-containing compounds: Used to treat infected wounds and gangrene during the American Civil War. 
• Natural occurring chemical elements and chemical compounds: Used as therapies for a variety of infections, particularly for wound infections and syphilis

The introduction of penicillin in the 1940s is considered one of the greatest advances in therapeutic medicine. The discovery of antibiotics has made infectious diseases that previously killed or severely disabled easily treatable. For example, the survival rate of bacterial pneumonia increased from 20% to 85% between 1937 and 1964

The discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) marked the beginning of the antibiotic revolution. Ernst Chain and Howard Florey purified the first penicillin, penicillin G, in 1942 but became widely available outside the Allied military in 1945. This marked the beginning of the antibiotic era

Here are some other discoveries in the history of antibiotics:

• 1877: Antibiosis is described. 
• 1910: The first synthetic antimicrobial is used in humans. 
• 1930: Sulphonamides are discovered. 
• 1943: Streptomycin is discovered. 
• 1949: Erythromycin, the second most prescribed class of therapeutic antibiotics, is introduced. 
• 1950: Nystatin is isolated from Streptomyces noursei. 
• 1952: Erythromycin is first isolated from S. erythreus. 
• 1955: Novobiocin is isolated. 
• 1958: Ampicillin is discovered and comes into commercial use in 1961. 
• 1987: Lipopeptides are discovered.

Fleming’s discovery of penicillin was successful against bacterial diseases caused by staphylococci and streptococci

Penicillin is a beta-lactam antibiotic, which means it secretes beta-lactamase and helps destroy the beta-lactam ring. Penicillium works by inhibiting the production of peptidoglycan, which is used in the cell wall. 

Ernest Chain and Howard Florey established the full potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic. In 1945, Fleming, Chain, and Florey were awarded the Nobel Prize for their penicillin research

Ernest Chain and Howard Floreyestablished the full potential of penicillin as an effective antibiotic. Penicillin was extensively used to treat American soldiers wounded in World War II

In 1929, Fleming published his findings in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology. However, he couldn’t isolate the pure penicillin from the mold juice. 

Penicillin heralded the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before its introduction there was no effective treatment for infections such as pneumonia, gonorrhea or rheumatic fever

Penicillin’s chemical structure is made up of a beta-lactam ring, a thiazolidine ring, and a side chain. The beta-lactam ring is the key structural feature of penicillin and is essential for its antibacterial activity

Penicillin’s molecular formula is C16H18N2O4S. 

Penicillin kills bacteria by binding to DD-transpeptidase, which inhibits its cross-linking activity and prevents new cell wall formation. Without a cell wall, a bacterial cell is vulnerable to outside water and molecular pressures, which causes the cell to quickly die.

Penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics kill bacteria by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a bacterial cell wall component. Peptidoglycan provides rigid stability to the cell wall due to its highly cross-linked structure

Penicillin works best on gram-positive bacteria. When penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan production, the cells become leaky and fragile. The cells burst open, making them easier for the immune system to break down. This helps the sick person heal more quickly

According to New World Encyclopedia, penicillin has saved at least 200 millionlives since its first use in 1942. 

Penicillin’s ability to cure many bacterial infections that were once fatal has earned it the nickname “miracle drug”. It’s used to treat a variety of infections, including throat infections, meningitis, syphilis, and other bacterial infections. 

In addition to treating infections, penicillin can also help with World War II. According to HistoryNet, around 100,000 men benefited from penicillin treatment in the European Theater between D-Day and the final German surrender.

Its discovery was a momentous event for humanity, signalling the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before then, there was no cure for infections such as gonorrhoea, blood poisoning, meningitis, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever. It’s estimated that to date, it’s saved over 200 million lives

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